Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā tāonga whare mō ngā hōtēra o Amerika e tutuki ana i ngā ture ā-rohe me ngā paerewa haumaru?

He mea nui te piri ki ngā ture tāonga o Amerika mō te angitu o ngā mahi hōtēra. Ka pā tika ngā taonga kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ki te haumaru o ngā manuhiri, ā, ka puta he wero ture nui.

Ko ngā whara noa mō ngā manuhiri e pā ana ki ngā taonga hōtēra kāore e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, ko ērā e puta mai ana i ngā taonga, i ngā taputapu rānei he hapa, pērā i ngā tūru e hinga ana, i ngā moenga pakaru, i ngā taputapu whare takaro rānei e hē ana te mahi.
Me whakarite e ngā hōtēra te kōwhiringa taonga hōtēra e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, hei whakaiti i ēnei mōrearea, hei whakarite hoki i te oranga o ngā manuhiri.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Me whai ngā hōtēra i ngā ture mō ngā taonga o Amerika. Mā tēnei ka noho haumaru ngā manuhiri. Ka karohia hoki ngā raruraru ture.
• Ko ngā ture matua e kapi ana i te haumaru ahi, te urunga atu mō ngā manuhiri hauā, me ngā tukunga matū. Me tirotiro e ngā hōtēra ēnei ture.
• Kōwhiria ngā kaiwhakarato pai. Pātai atu mō ngā tiwhikete. Mā tēnei ka āwhina kia tutuki i ngā taonga te paerewa haumaru me ngā paerewa ture katoa.

Te Whakatere i ngā Ture Matua o te US mō ngā Taonga Hōtera

Te whiriwhiringā taonga hōtērame mārama hōhonu ki ngā ture maha o te US. Mā ēnei paerewa ka noho haumaru, ka taea te uru atu, me te kawenga mō te taiao mō ngā manuhiri. Me aro wawe ngā hōtēra ki ēnei whakaritenga hei karo i ngā take ture, hei pupuri hoki i te ingoa pai.

Te Mārama ki ngā Paerewa Mumura mō ngā Taonga Hōtera

Ko ngā paerewa mura he wāhanga nui o te haumaru o ngā hōtēra. Ko te whāinga o ēnei ture he ārai, he whakaroa rānei i te horapa o ngā ahi, hei tiaki i ngā manuhiri me ngā taonga. He maha ngā paerewa matua e whakahaere ana i ngā tāonga whakapaipai i ngā hōtēra o Amerika.

• California TB 117-2013 (Cal 117): E whakatakoto ana tēnei paerewa i ngā whakaritenga haumaru mō ngā nohoanga kua hipokina ki te kakahu. E aromatawai ana i te ātete ki te pūtake mura o te hikareti. Hei whakamana i te paerewa, kaua te papanga e mura mō te neke atu i te 45 meneti, kia iti iho i te 45mm te roa o te mura, ā, kaua e mura ki te mura. He maha ngā whenua o Amerika me Kānata e whai ana i tēnei paerewa nā te rahi nui o te mākete o California me ngā ture ahi whaimana.
• NFPA 260 / UFAC (Kaunihera Mahi mō ngā Tāonga Whakapaipai)Ko tēnei paerewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā whakapaipai whare kāore i te nohoia, tae atu ki ngā hōtēra. Me kaua te roa o te mura e neke ake i te 1.8 inihi (45mm). Kāore hoki e taea e te pahuka te mura ina whakamatautauria ki te pahuka kore-FR iti te matotoru.
• Pānui o California 133 (CAL 133)E aro ana tēnei ture ki te mura o ngā taonga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā 'wāhi tūmatanui', pērā i ngā whare kāwanatanga me ngā tari e noho ana te tekau, neke atu rānei, tāngata. Kāore i rite ki te CAL 117, e hiahia ana te CAL 133 ki te whakamātautau i te taonga katoa, kaua ko ngā wāhanga anake. Ka whai pānga tēnei ki ngā huinga momo papanga, whakakī, me ngā rauemi anga.
• I te tau 2021, i whai mana tētahi paerewa haumaru hou ā-motu mō ngā ahi tāonga whakapaipai. I whakahaua tēnei paerewa e te Runanga i roto i te ture āwhina COVID. Ka tangohia e tēnei paerewa ā-motu te paerewa mura o ngā tāonga o California, TB-117-2013, e aro ana ki ngā ahi mura.

Me whakahaere e ngā kaihanga ngā whakamātautau maha hei whakamana i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Kei roto i ēnei ko:

• Pānui Hangarau o California (TB) 117-2013E pā ana tēnei pānui ki ngā papanga hipoki, ngā rauemi ārai, me ngā rauemi whakakī pakari i roto i ngā tāonga whakapaipai. E whakahau ana kia whakamātautau mura motuhake mō te papanga hipoki, ngā rauemi ārai, me ngā rauemi whakakī pakari. Me mau he tapanga tiwhikete tuturu mō ngā tāonga whakapaipai e paahitia ana e ēnei whakamātautau e kī ana: 'E tutuki ana ki ngā whakaritenga a te US CPSC mō te mura o ngā tāonga whakapaipai'.
• ASTM E1537 – Tikanga Whakamātautau Paerewa mō te Whakamātautau Ahi o ngā Taonga WhakapaipaiKo tēnei paerewa he whakatakoto i tētahi tikanga mō te whakamātautau i te urupare ahi o ngā taonga whakapaipai i roto i ngā wāhi tūmatanui ina pāngia e te mura.
• NFPA 260 – Ngā Tikanga Paerewa mō ngā Whakamātautau me te Pūnaha Whakarōpū mō te Ātete ki te Mura o te Hikareti o ngā Wāhanga o ngā Taonga Whakapaipai: Kei roto i tēnei paerewa ngā tikanga mō te whakamātautau me te whakarōpū i te ātete o ngā wāhanga tāonga whakapaipai ki ngā hikareti mura.

Te Whakatutukitanga o te ADA i roto i te Kōwhiringa Taonga Hōtera

Mā te Ture mō ngā Hauātanga o Amerika (ADA) ka taea e ngā manuhiri katoa te uru atu. Me whiriwhiri, me whakarite hoki ngā hōtērangā taonga hōtērakia tutuki ai ngā aratohu ADA motuhake, inā koa mō ngā rūma manuhiri.

• Teitei o te MoengaAhakoa kāore te ADA e whakarato i ngā aratohu motuhake, me whakarite e ngā hōtēra ka taea te whakamahi i ngā moenga e te hunga hauā. E taunaki ana te Whatunga ā-Motu o te ADA kia 20 ki te 23 inihi te teitei o te moenga mai i te papa ki te tihi o te moenga. Tērā pea ka uaua ki ngā kaiwhakamahi tūru wīra te whakamahi i ngā moenga teitei ake i te 20 inihi. E kī ana ētahi taunakitanga me 17 ki te 23 inihi te teitei o te moenga mai i te papa kia ngāwari ai te neke.
• Ngā Tēpu me ngā TēpuMe kaua e neke atu i te 34 inihi te teitei o ngā tēpu me ngā tēpu e wātea ana ki te tangata, ā, me kaua hoki e iti iho i te 28 inihi te teitei i runga ake i te papa. Me 27 inihi te tawhiti o te turi i waenganui i te papa me te taha raro o te tēpu. Me whai wāhi papa mārama 30-inihi te whānui, 48-inihi te whānui i ia wāhi nohoanga wātea, e toro atu ana ki te 19 inihi i raro i te tēpu hei wāhi mō ngā waewae me ngā turi.
• Wātea te Ara me te Wāhi PapaMe whakarite kia 36 inihi te roa o te ara mō ngā moenga, ngā tūru, me ētahi atu taonga whare, kia mārama ai te nekenekehanga. Me whakarite kia kotahi te wāhi moe kia mārama te papa, kia 30 inihi te whānui, kia 48 inihi te whānui, kia taea ai te whakatata whakarara. Mā tēnei papa mārama ka taea e ngā manuhiri te nekeneke i ngā tūru wīra, i ētahi atu taputapu āwhina nekenekehanga rānei.
• Ngā Putanga HikoMe taea e ngā manuhiri te toro atu ki ngā putanga hiko me te kore e uaua. Kaua te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga e aukati i te urunga atu ki ēnei āhuatanga nui.

Ngā Paerewa Tukunga Matū mō ngā Rauemi Taonga Hōtera

Ka pāngia te kounga o te hau o roto me te hauora o ngā manuhiri e ngā tukunga matū mai i ngā rauemi tāonga. E aro ana ngā ture me ngā tiwhikete ki ngā Matū Waro Waro (VOC) me ētahi atu matū kino.

• Ngā Herenga o te VOC me te FormaldehydeKo ngā paerewa pēnei i te UL Greenguard Gold me te CARB Phase 2 e whakatakoto ana i ngā herenga whakaaetia mō ngā tukunga.

• Ngā Matū Kua HereaKo te paerewa Green Seal GS-33 mō ngā Hōtera me ngā Whare Noho e tohu ana i ngā here mō ngā peita, e taunekeneke pinepine ana ki ngā rauemi tāonga. E whakatakoto ana i ngā herenga ihirangi VOC mō ngā peita hoahoanga. Hei tāpiri, kaua ngā peita e whai konganuku taumaha, ngā matū paitini rānei pērā i te antimony, cadmium, lead, mercury, formaldehyde, me ngā phthalate esters.
• Tiwhikete GreenguardKa whakamātautau pakari tēnei tiwhikete motuhake i ngā rauemi mō ngā tukunga kino pēnei i te formaldehyde, VOC, me te waro hauota. Ka āwhina i te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā hua, tae atu ki ngā taonga whare, ngā whakaritenga kounga hau o roto.

Te Haumaru me te Pūmautanga o te Hua Whānui mō ngā Taonga Hōtera

Haunga te mura me ngā tukunga matū, he mea nui te haumaru me te pumau o ngā hua. Me haumaru ngā tāonga whare mō te whakamahinga o ia rā, kia kore ai e whara i ngā takahanga, i ngā pakaru hanganga, i ngā rauemi morearea rānei.

• Te Pūmautanga me te Ātete ki te HurihuriMe pumau ngā tāonga whare, inā koa ngā mea teitei pēnei i ngā kāpata me ngā rūma whakatā, kia kore ai e taka. He tino mōrearea ēnei aituā, inā koa mō ngā tamariki. I tangohia e te CPSC te paerewa tūao ASTM F2057-23 hei paerewa haumaru whakahau i te 19 o Paenga-whāwhā, 2023, hei ārai i te taka o ngā tāonga whare. E pā ana tēnei paerewa ki ngā wāhi rokiroki kākahu tū motuhake he 27 inihi te teitei ake. Ko ngā whakaritenga mahi matua ko ngā whakamātautau pumau i runga i te whāriki, me ngā pouaka utaina, me ngā pouaka maha e tuwhera ana, me te whakatauira i te taumaha o ngā tamariki tae atu ki te 60 pauna. Kaua te wāhanga e taka, kaua hoki e tautokona e te pouaka tuwhera, e te tatau rānei i te wā whakamātautau.
• Te Haumaru me te Paitini o ngā RauemiMe kore he matū paitini i roto i ngā rauemi tāonga (rakau, whakapaipai, konganuku, kirihou, pahuka). Mā ngā tiwhikete pēnei i a Greenguard Gold me ngā ture pēnei i a California Proposition 65 ka whakarite kia haumaru ngā rauemi. Ka arohia e ngā ture ngā āwangawanga pēnei i te mata i roto i te peita, te formaldehyde i roto i ngā hua rakau hiato, me te aukati i ētahi ārai mura.
• Te Pono o te HangangaMe whakarite kia pakari te hanganga, tae atu ki te anga, ngā hononga, me ngā rauemi. Mā tēnei ka ārai i ngā raruraru pēnei i te hinga, te piko rānei. He mea nui ngā hononga kounga (hei tauira, te hiku kōpiko, te mortise me te tenon), ngā rauemi pakari (rakau mārō, konganuku), me ngā whakatauranga taumaha e tika ana.
• Ngā Tūponotanga Ā-MīhiniMe ārai ngā tāonga whare i ngā tūponotanga mai i ngā wāhanga miihini. Ka taea e ngā taha koi, ngā wāhanga e pupū ake ana, me te hanganga kore pumau te whara. Ka whakatūhia e ngā mana whakahaere pēnei i te CPSC ngā paerewa mō ngā taonga pēnei i ngā tūru takai tamariki me ngā moenga papa rua hei aro atu ki ēnei tūponotanga.

Ngā Ture Hanga Whare ā-Rohe me ngā Whakaritenga a te Āpiha Ahi mō ngā Taonga Hōtēra

Ko ngā ture hanga whare ā-rohe me ngā whakaritenga a te āpiha ahi te nuinga o te wā e whakatau ana i te whakaritenga o ngā taonga o ngā hōtēra, inā koa mō ngā ara putanga me te haumaru ahi. Ahakoa e aro ana ngā ture hanga whānui ki te hanganga pai me ngā pūnaha ahi whānui, ka whakamanahia e ngā āpiha ahi ngā ara mārama.

• Ngā Ara PutangaMe noho kore ārai ngā putanga ohorere, me te whānui mārama o te 28 inihi te iti rawa. Ko te whakaiti i te whānui mārama, ko te aukati (pēnei i te wāhi rokiroki, te tāonga whare, te taputapu rānei), ko te tatau kua raka e hiahia ana ki te kī hei putanga, he takahi tonu i tēnei ture. He maha ngā wā ka tirotirohia tonutia e ngā kaimahi haumarutanga ngā wāhi noa me ngā papa o ngā rūma manuhiri hei ripoata i ngā aukati, inā koa ko ērā e aukati ana i ngā huarahi putanga ohorere.
• Te Ārai i ngā Taonga WhareMe whakarite e ngā hōtēra kia kaua te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga e aukati i ngā huarahi whakawātea. Ko ngā take noa mō te aukati ko te whakamahi i ngā putanga hei rokiroki i te wā whakahoutanga, i te whakarārangi rānei i ngā taonga mō te wā poto. Mā ēnei mahi ka huri te pūnaha putanga hei kawenga.
• Ngā Ture MotuhakeKo ngā mahere haumaru ahi me te whakawātea o te Tāone o Niu Ioka e kapi ana i ngā tatauranga whare, ngā arawhata, ngā ararewa, te hauhautanga, me ngā hoahoa. Heoi, kāore e whakahaere motuhake i te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga. Waihoki, ko ngā ture hanga whare o Los Angeles e arotahi ana ki ngā whāinga whānui pēnei i te tiaki i te ora me te taonga, me te kore he taipitopito motuhake mō te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga mō te haumaru ahi. Nō reira, me piri ngā hōtēra ki ngā mātāpono whānui mō te haumaru ahi me ngā tohutohu a te kaiwhakahaere ahi e pā ana ki te putanga mārama.

He Huarahi Rautaki ki te Hoko Taonga Hōtera e Tutuki ana i ngā Tikanga

Te hoko i ngā whakaritenga e ai ki te turengā taonga hōtērame whai huarahi pūnaha, whai whakaaro hoki. Me neke atu ngā hōtēra i ngā whakaaro ataahua, ā, me whakatairanga i te haumaru, te urunga atu, me te piri ki ngā ture mai i te tīmatanga. Mā tēnei tukanga hokohoko rautaki ka whakaitihia ngā mōrearea, ā, ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia whakamarie hoki te taiao mō ngā manuhiri katoa.

Te Aroturuki Tika ki te Tāutu i ngā Ture e Pā Ana mō ngā Taonga Hōtera

Me whakahaere e ngā hōtēra he tirotiro tika kia kitea ai ngā ture katoa e tika ana. Mā tēnei rangahau matatau ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā whiringa taonga katoa i ngā whakaritenga ture o nāianei. Kei te whakatinanahia e ngā kāwanatanga me ngā rōpū o te ao he ture pakari ake mō ngā rauemi, ngā tukanga whakaputa, me ngā mahi pumau i roto i te hanga taonga. He nui te pānga o ēnei huringa ki te mākete taonga o te hōtēra. Ka taea e ngā hōtēra te rangahau i ngā huringa ture o nāianei me ngā mea kei te heke mai mā te kōrero ki ngā puna pono. Kei roto i ēnei puna ko ngā tari kāwanatanga, ngā rōpū whakahaere, ngā pātengi raraunga me ngā whaiaronga rongonui (pērā i a Bloomberg, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva, me Statista), me ngā rōpū ahumahi. He mea nui te noho mōhio ki ēnei paerewa e whanake haere ana mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te wā roa.

Te Kōwhiri i ngā Kaihoko Whaimana mō ngā Taonga Hōtera e Tutuki ana i ngā Tikanga

He taahiraa nui te whiriwhiri i te kaihoko tika hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taonga. Me arotake e ngā hōtēra ngā kaiwhakarato pea i runga i ētahi paearu matua. Me rapu e rātou ngā kaiwhakarato he hītori kua whakamātauhia me te ingoa pai o te umanga. Me maha ngā tau o te wheako o ēnei kaiwhakarato i roto i te rāngai hōtēra. Me whakarato hoki e rātou he taunakitanga mō ngā mahi tahi angitu me te tutuki tonu i ngā wā kati. Ko ngā whakaaturanga a ngā kiritaki, ngā rangahau take, me ngā haerenga ki ngā wheketere ka whakarato i ngā māramatanga whai hua ki te tohungatanga me te pono o te kaihoko.

Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, me whakarite ngā hōtera kia piri te kaiwhakarato ki ngā paerewa haumaru me ngā paerewa ahumahi pakari. Kei roto i tēnei ko te ātete ahi, ngā here paitini, me te hoahoa ergonomic. Me whakarato ngā kaihoko i ngā tiwhikete pēnei i ngā paerewa ISO, ngā tiwhikete haumaru ahi, ngā whakaaetanga ā-rohe rānei e tika ana. Ka tiakina e ēnei tuhinga ngā manuhiri me te pakihi hōtera mai i ngā nama. He mea nui anō hoki te aromatawai i te aroaro o te kaihanga ki te mākete me te hītori kua whakapumautia. He maha ngā wā he ngāwari ngā tukanga a ngā kaiwhakarato mātau, ā, he māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā tono manaaki manuhiri. He kohinga kaupapa kua oti hoki ā rātou. Mā te tirotiro i ngā arotake, te tono tohutoro, me te toro atu ki ngā whakaurunga o mua ka taea te whakaū i tō rātou pono.

I te wā e mahi tahi ana me ngā kaihoko, me pātai ngā hōtēra i ngā pātai motuhake hei manatoko i tō rātou māramatanga me te piri ki ngā ture tāonga hōtēra o Amerika. Kei roto i ēnei pātai ngā pātai mō ngā whakamātautau ātete ahi i whakahaua e te National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) mō ngā tāonga whakapaipai. Me pātai anō hoki ngā hōtēra mō ngā Paerewa BIFMA mō te pono o te hanganga me te pakari, e pā ana ki ngā momo tāonga pēnei i ngā sofa, ngā tēpu taha, me ngā tūru pae. Me piri anō hoki ngā kaihoko ki ngā Paerewa ASTM me ngā paearu a te American National Standards Institute (ANSI) e kapi ana i te ātete ahi me te pono o te hanganga. Ko ētahi atu pātai nui e pā ana ki ngā paerewa mura, te ātete mura, ngā ture haumaru ahi, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga a te ADA.

Te Tautuhi i ngā Rauemi mō ngā Taonga Hōtēra Haumaru, Tutuki hoki

Ka pā tika ngā whakatakotoranga rauemi ki te haumaru me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā taonga hōtēra. Me whiriwhiri e ngā hōtēra ngā rauemi e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa pakari mō te mura me te pakari. Mō ngā papanga me ngā pahuka ātete ahi, me tutuki ngā taonga me ngā moenga kua whakakakahuhia ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui i ngā paearu mura i whakatūria e ASTM E 1537, e California Technical Bulletin 133 rānei. Me tutuki ngā moenga ki te California Technical Bulletin 129. Ko te California Technical Bulletin 133 te tikanga whakamātautau kua whakaritea mō te mura o ngā taonga i ngā wāhi tūmatanui. Ahakoa he paerewa whakahau a California Technical Bulletin 117 mō ngā taonga noho kua whakakakahuhia ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui, he maha ngā wāhi tūmatanui kei roto ngā taonga e tutuki ana i tēnei paerewa. Ko ētahi atu whakamātautau e tika ana ko te NFPA 701 Test 1 mō ngā ārai, NFPA 260 mō ngā mea whakakakahu, me te ASTM E-84 Piri mō ngā uhi pakitara. Ka ine te NFPA 260 i te ātete o te papanga whakakakahu ki te mura e te hikareti e mura ana. Ka whakarōpūhia e te NFPA 701 Test #1 ngā papanga mō ngā ārai me ētahi atu papanga whakairi. E whakarōpūtia ana e CAL/TB 117 ngā papanga whakapaipai, inā koa mō te whakamahi i roto i California.

Mō te hanganga o ngā taonga hōtēra e pakari ana, e tutuki ana hoki i ngā paerewa, he pai ake te mahi a ngā rauemi motuhake. Ko ngā rakau mārō pērā i te Ipe, te Tīki, te Ōki, te rakau Here, te Māpere, te Akasia, te Ūkaripi, me te Mahogany e whakarato ana i te mātotoru, te kaha, me te roa o te wā. Ka tukuna hoki e ngā papa rākau pīkoi kounga teitei me te papa rakau kounga teitei te mahi kaha, pumau. Mō ngā kirihou, ko te HDPE kounga-hanganga te mea tino pono nā tōna pumau, te kaha, me te ātete ki te huarere. Ka whakaratohia e te Polycarbonate te kaha pānga tino pai, ā, ka tukuna e te ABS he hanganga ma, pakari i roto i ngā taiao whakahaeretia. Ka whakaratohia e ngā konganuku pērā i te maitai kore waikura (304 me te 316) te kaha roa me te ātete pai ki te waikura. Ka tukuna e te maitai hurihuri-matao he mahi hanganga kaha, tika, whai hua, ā, ka tukuna e te konumohe i whakaputahia (6063) he kaha mama me te ngāwari hoahoa. Mā ēnei rauemi ka taea e ngā taonga te tu atu ki te whakamahinga nui me te pupuri i te hanganga i roto i te wā.

Ngā Tuhinga me te Tiwhikete Matua mō ngā Taonga Hōtera

He mea nui te pupuri i ngā tuhinga whānui me ngā tiwhikete hei whakaatu i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga i te wā o ngā arotake. Me tono ngā hōtēra i ngā tiwhikete motuhake mai i ngā kaihanga taonga. Kei roto i ēnei ko te tiwhikete BIFMA LEVEL®, te tiwhikete taumata FEMB, te Tiwhikete UL GREENGUARD (me te Tiwhikete Koura UL GREENGUARD), me te Whakamātautau BIFMA M7.1 mō ngā Tukunga VOC mai i ngā Taonga Tari me ngā Nohoanga. He mea nui anō hoki ngā Ratonga Whakatutukitanga o te California Proposition 65 me te Tiwhikete Whakapuakitanga Hua Taiao.

Mō ngā kaupapa arotake, me pupuri e ngā hōtēra he whānuitanga o ngā tuhinga nui. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā pūrongo whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru, ngā Tiwhikete Tātari Rauemi (COA), ngā pepa raraunga whakaoti, me ngā whakatakotoranga takai. Me whai pūtāhui hanganga tuhituhi, ko te tikanga he 3-5 tau mō ngā tūemi kirimana. Me pupuri e ngā hōtēra ngā tuhinga whakaae rauemi, pērā i ngā tauira whakakikorua/kakahu me ngā raraunga whakamātautau, me ngā whakaaetanga papa whakaoti. He mea nui anō hoki ngā whakaaetanga waeine pairati māngai whakaputa. He mea nui ngā tuhinga mō te pānga o te rehu tote ISO 9227 mō ngā taputapu, ina he mōrearea te waikura. Me wātea ngā tuhinga tutuki i te mura, tae atu ki ngā whakaritenga me te tapanga o California TB117-2013, me ngā whakarōpūtanga wāhanga NFPA 260. Me whai tuhinga tutuki i ngā tukunga, pērā i te tutuki i te TSCA Taitara VI, ngā tapanga, me ngā tuhinga kawemai e ai ki te aratohu kaupapa EPA, me te whakarōpūtanga E1 kua manatokohia e te tikanga rūma EN 717-1. He mea nui ngā tapanga TSCA Taitara VI i whakaratohia e te kaiwhakarato mō ngā papa hiato me ngā tapanga TB117-2013 me ngā raraunga whakamātautau papanga. Hei whakamutunga, me whai tuhinga mō ngā paerewa nohoanga e tika ana (hei tauira, BIFMA X5.4, EN 16139/1728) me ngā pūrongo a te hunga tuatoru me te hanganga tapanga/taiwhanga e ai ki ngā whārangi kaupapa EPA TSCA Taitara VI mō ngā taonga e haere ana ki US.

Ngā Aratohu Tāutanga me te Whakatakoto mō ngā Whakaritenga Taonga Hōtera

He mea nui te tāutanga tika me te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga mō te haumaru o ngā manuhiri me te tutuki i ngā paerewa urunga. Me here ngā taonga me ngā pouaka whakaata ki ngā pakitara, ki ngā papa rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā whāriki, ngā tautoko, ngā whitiki pakitara rānei. Me whakarite kia mau ngā punga ki ngā pou pakitara kia tino pumau. Mā te tāuta i ngā raka ā-tamariki ki ngā pouaka ka ārai i te toia ki waho, kia whakamahia hoki hei arawhata piki. Mā te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga taumaha ki ngā whata o raro, ki ngā pouaka rānei, ka whakaiti i te pokapū o te taumaha. Me karo ngā hōtera i te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga taumaha, pērā i ngā pouaka whakaata, ki runga i ngā taonga kāore i hangaia hei tautoko i aua kawenga. Mā te pupuri i ngā taonga takaro, pukapuka, me ētahi atu taonga a ngā tamariki ki ngā whata o raro ka ārai i te piki. Mā te aromatawai i te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga ka whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga. Me tirotiro ngā hōtera i ngā taonga i ia 6 marama mō te wiri, te kore pumau rānei, ngā tīwiri wetewete, ngā āputa rānei i roto i ngā hononga, me ngā punga e kumea ana mai i ngā pakitara. Mā te tāuta i ngā whāriki āhua-L ki muri o ngā kāpata teitei me ngā tūnga pouaka whakaata ka mau te punga pakitara, papa rānei. Mā te whakamahi i te maitai hurihuri makariri kaha teitei, te maitai waro rānei kua whakatauria he S235, he teitei ake rānei mō ngā wāhanga hanganga, me ngā whakarewa whakapakari i ngā wāhi ahotea, ka whakapakari ake i te roa. Mā te hoahoa i ngā putanga urunga mō te tirotiro i ngā pūtu ka taea te tirotiro auau i ngā whakapiringa me te whakakapinga tere i ngā wāhanga pakaru, ngoikore rānei. Mā ngā hanganga tāonga tauira ka taea te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga i te papaanga, ka whakaiti i te uauatanga me te utu tiaki.

Mō te whakatakotoranga o ngā taonga, me pupuri e ngā hōtēra ngā ara putanga mārama me te urunga ADA i roto i ngā rūma me ngā wāhi noa. Me tutuki i ngā ara whakawhiti noa i roto i ngā wāhi mahi a ngā kaimahi te whānui iti rawa o te 36-inihi. Ko ētahi o ngā mea kāore i te whakaaetia ko ngā wāhi iti iho i te 1000 putu tapawha kua tautuhia e ngā taputapu pumau me ngā ara huri noa i ngā taputapu o te wāhi mahi he wāhanga nui o te wāhi mahi. Kaua ngā mea e puta ake ana e puta ake i te 4 inihi ki runga i tētahi ara whakawhiti, tae atu ki ērā i roto i ngā wāhi kaimahi, hei whakarite i te haumaru mō te hunga kanohi kore. Me 36 inihi te whānui o ngā ara urunga. Mena ka hurihia he 180-tohu huri noa i tētahi wāhanga iti iho i te 48 inihi te whānui, me 42 inihi te whānui mārama e whakatata atu ana, e puta atu ana i te kokonga, me te 48 inihi i te kokonga tonu. Me whakarato he whānui mārama iti rawa o te 32 inihi ngā whakatuwheratanga tatau i ngā wāhi urunga. Mō ngā tatau hurihuri, ka tangohia tēnei ine i waenganui i te mata o te tatau me te paepae tatau ina tuwhera te tatau i te 90 nekehanga. Ko ngā whakatuwheratanga tatau hohonu atu i te 24 inihi me whai whakatuwheratanga mārama iti rawa o te 36 inihi. Me whai wāhi te ara e taea ai te haere ki ia tēpu e taea ai te haere ki reira, he wāhi papa mārama, 30 x 48 inihi te rahi, mō ia wāhi nohoanga, me te 19 inihi o tēnei wāhi e toro atu ana i raro i te tēpu hei wāhi mō ngā waewae me ngā turi. Me whai wāhi papa mārama hoki te iti rawa kotahi te wāhi moe, 30 x 48 inihi te rahi, mō ia taha o te moenga, kia rite ai te huarahi.

Te karo i ngā mahanga noa i roto i te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taonga hōtēra

He maha ngā tūponotanga o ngā hōtēra ki ngā hapa maha i te wā e hoko taonga ana. Mā te mārama ki ēnei hapa noa ka āwhina i te whakarite kia tutuki katoa ngā whakaritenga me te haumaru o ngā manuhiri.

Te Mōrearea o te Kāore e Āta Whakaaro ki ngā Rerekētanga ā-Rohe o ngā Ture Taonga Hōtera

Ko ngā ture ā-motu te pūtake, engari he maha ngā wā ka whakatakotohia e ngā ture ā-rohe ētahi atu whakaritenga pakari ake. Me rangahau e ngā hōtēra ngā ture ā-rohe me ngā ture ā-tāone. Hei tauira, he ture motuhake ā-tāonga o California. Ko te California Technical Bulletin 117, i whakahoutia i te tau 2013, e whakahau ana i ngā paerewa ātete paowa motuhake mō ngā wāhanga tāonga whakapaipai. Me tono anō hoki a California i ngā 'tapanga ture' mō ngā tāonga whakapaipai, e whakaatu ana i ngā rauemi whakakī me ngā tauākī tiwhikete, he rerekē i ngā paerewa ā-motu. Hei tāpiri, me whakatūpato te California Proposition 65 mēnā kei roto i ngā tāonga he matū e mōhiotia ana ka puta he mate pukupuku, he kino rānei ki te whānau uri, pērā i te formaldehyde, te mata rānei, e nui atu ana i ngā rohe haumaru.

He aha te "Paenga Arumoni" Kāore i te Tika tonu he Taonga Hōtēra e Tutuki ana

Kāore te kupu "taumata arumoni" e kī taurangi aunoa i te tutuki katoa o te whakamahinga hōtēra. Ahakoa he pai ake te tu atu o ngā taonga manaaki manuhiri taumata arumoni i ngā taonga hokohoko, kāore pea e tutuki i ngā paerewa pakari katoa a te hōtēra. Ko ngā taonga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te hōtēra, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā taonga kirimana, ka whai whakamātautau tiwhikete ANSI/BIFMA pakari. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā ture motuhake a te ahumahi mō te haumaru, te ahi, me te urunga atu. Hei tauira, ko te tiwhikete GREENGUARD Gold e whakatakoto ana i ngā rohe VOC iti ake, ā, kei roto ko ngā paearu hauora mō ngā taupori tairongo, e hipa ana i ngā paerewa whānui a GREENGUARD. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā wā ka tutuki ngā taonga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te ture i ngā paerewa haumaru ahi pērā i te CAL 133, he whakamātautau mura kino mō ngā hua nohoanga.

Te Pānga o te Tiaki me te Whakamau ki te Whakatutukitanga o ngā Taonga Hōtēra

Ahakoa ngā tāonga whare e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga i te tīmatanga, ka kore pea e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga nā te mea kua pakaru, kua haehae. He mea nui te tiaki auau. Ko ngā tohu o te pakaru ko ngā hononga wetekina me te wiri o te anga, e kitea ana he āputa, he nekehanga rānei i raro i te pēhanga. Ko te tihore o ngā uhi me te peita, e tohuhia ana e te hiki i ngā taha, e pupuhi ana rānei ngā mata, he tohu hoki mō te pirau. Ko ngā taha koi, ngā whakaoti taratara, ngā urunga e piko ana, me te tuitui ngoikore ka puta he tūponotanga haumaru. Me tirotiro auau ngā hōtēra i ngā tāonga whare hei tautuhi me te whakatika i ēnei take, hei ārai i ngā whara pea, me te pupuri tonu i te tutuki.

Ngā Utu Roa mō ngā Whakataurite Taonga Hōtera e Arotauhia ana e te Tahua

Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā taonga kounga iti hei penapena moni i te tīmatanga ka arahi pea ki ngā utu mō te wā roa. Ko ēnei momo whakataunga tahua e hiahiatia ana kia whakakapia wawetia, inā koa i ngā taiao hōtēra e nui ana te haere. Ahakoa he nui ake te haumitanga tuatahi o ngā taonga hōtēra pumau, ka tino whakaitihia ngā utu tiaki me te whakakapinga nā tōna pakari. Ka taea hoki e ngā taonga kāore i te pai te tiaki, te kitea rānei kua pakaru te whare te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga ture. Mā tēnei ka māmā ake te tautohe a ngā kaiwhakapae ki te mangere i roto i ngā take herenga, inā koa mēnā ka kore ngā taonga e tutuki i ngā ture haumaru, ture urunga rānei.

Mā te rangahau matatau ka whakarite ngā hōtēra i ngā taonga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga,kōwhiringa kaihoko rongonui, me ngā whakatakotoranga rauemi tika. Ka pupuri rātou i ngā tuhinga nui, ā, ka whai i ngā aratohu tāutanga tino pakari. Mā te whai i ngā ture e tika ana ka tiakina ngā manuhiri, ka whakanuia hoki te ingoa o te hōtēra. Ko te mataara tonu ki te whiriwhiri me te tiaki i ngā taonga he mea nui tonu mō te haumaru me te hiranga o te mahi.

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te ture tino nui mō te mura o ngā taonga hōtēra?

He paerewa nui te California TB 117-2013. E aromatawai ana i te ātete o ngā taonga whakapaipai ki te mura o te hikareti. He maha ngā whenua e whakamahi ana i tēnei paerewa.

He aha te pānga o te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ADA ki te kōwhiringa moenga hōtēra?

Ko te teitei o te moenga e hiahiatia ana kia uru atu ki ngā whakaritenga a te ADA. E taunaki ana te Whatunga ā-Motu o te ADA kia 20 ki te 23 inihi te teitei o te moenga mai i te papa ki te tihi o te moenga kia māmā ai te neke.

He aha te take kāore i te rawaka ai te "papa arumoni" mō ngā taonga hōtēra?

Kāore pea ngā tāonga "taumata arumoni" e tutuki i ngā paerewa pakari katoa e pā ana ki ngā hōtēra. Ko ngā tāonga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a ngā hōtēra ka whai whakamātautau pakari mō te haumaru, te ahi, me te urunga atu.